Drawing

• The graphical representation of any idea or object is called drawing. Drawing can be prepared either by:
  1. Using free hand
  2. Using drawing instruments
  3. Using computer programs

Types of Drawing

There are two types of drawing:

1. Artistic Drawing
2. Engineering Drawing

Artistic Drawing

• The drawing representing any object or idea which is sketched in free hand using imagination of artist is called artistic drawing
• Proper scaling and dimensioning is not maintained in artistic drawing
• Artistic drawings are used to express aesthetic, philosophical, and abstract ideas
• Examples: Paintings, Posters, Arts

Engineering Drawing

• Engineering Drawing is the Graphical representation of any idea of object which expresses technical details without the barrier of a language and communicates ideas and information from one mind to another
• Engineering Drawing is the "Universal Language for Engineers"
• One picture/drawing is equivalent to several sentences
• Drawings are also necessary for engineering industries since they are required and are being used at various stages of development of an engineering product

Difference between Artistic and Engineering Drawing

Artistic Drawing	Engineering Drawing
1. Purpose of artistic drawing is to convey emotion or artistic sensitivity in some way	1. Purpose of engineering drawing is to convey information about engineering object or idea
2. Can be understood by all	2. Need some specific knowledge or training to understand
3. No special requirement of engineering instruments	3. Engineering drawing instruments are used to make the drawing precise
4. Scale maintaining is not necessary	4. Scale maintaining is necessary
5. An artistic drawing may not be numerically specific and informative	5. An engineering drawing must be numerically specific and informative
6. Standard drawing code need not to be followed	6. Standard drawing code (like ISO, ANSI, JIS, BS etc.) must be followed

Objectives of Engineering Drawing

• To achieve the geometric form of the design
• To communicate ideas between designers and manufacturing personnel
• To act as an analysis tool, missing dimensions and tolerances are calculated on the drawing as it is developed
• To simulate the design
• To act as an extension of the designer's short term memory, designers often unconsciously make sketches to help them remember ideas that they might otherwise forget

Importance of Engineering Drawing to Civil Engineers

• Engineering Drawing enables one to suitably depict the complex systems on piece of paper with almost all critical information associated to it
• For Civil Engineers, these complex systems could be buildings, dams, roads, railways, services in buildings, and other infrastructure components
• Before any structure comes into existence in real time, Civil Engineer first need to create the drawings of the desired structure
• It helps in preparing bill of quantities
• It helps in preparing cost estimation
• It helps to improve initial design
• Engineering drawing acts as the language of engineers

Applications of Engineering Drawing

• It is used in ship for navigation
• For manufacturing of machines, automobiles etc.
• For construction of buildings, roads, bridges, dams, electrical and telecommunication structures etc.
• For manufacturing of electrical appliances like TV, Phone, Computers etc.

Types of Engineering Drawing

1. Geometrical Drawing

• The art of representing geometric objects such as rectangles, squares, cubes, cones, cylinders, spheres etc. on a paper is called geometric drawing

a) Plane Geometrical Drawing

• If the object has only 2 dimensions i.e. length and breadth, it is called Plane geometrical drawing
• Examples: Rectangles, Squares, Triangles etc.

b) Solid Geometrical Drawing

• If the object has 3 dimensions i.e. length, breadth and thickness/depth, it is called Solid geometrical drawing
• Examples: Cube, Sphere, Prism, Cylinder etc.

2. Mechanical Engineering Drawing

• The art of representing mechanical engineering objects such as machines, machine parts etc. on a paper are called mechanical engineering drawing or machine drawing
• It is used by mechanical engineers to express mechanical engineering works and projects for actual execution

3. Civil Engineering Drawing

• The art of representing civil engineering objects such as buildings, roads, bridges, dams etc. on a paper are called civil engineering drawing
• It is used by civil engineers to express civil engineering works and projects for actual execution
• There are two types of Civil Engineering Drawing:

i. Architectural Drawing

a) Plan

• It shows the position of different objects and elements of the structure in a two dimensional view
• View along the top of the structure is called plan
• Only length and width of objects are shown here

b) Elevation and Section

• It shows a view along the height of structure
• In elevation view either height and length or height and width are shown

ii. Structural Drawing

• It shows the detail requirement of reinforcement and their arrangement in structure
• It also shows the specification and properties of construction materials like concrete, steel, timber etc.

4. Electrical & Electronics Engineering Drawing

• The art of representing electrical engineering objects such as motors, generators, transformers, wiring diagrams etc. on a paper are called electrical engineering drawing
• The art of representing electronic circuits of TV, Phones, computers etc. on a paper are called electronic engineering drawing

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Drawing Standards

• There are some drawing standards or drawing codes that accumulates the rules of engineering drawing for a certain region

S.N.	Country/Region	Code/Standard	Full Meaning
1	Worldwide	ISO	International Organization for Standardization
2	USA	ANSI	American National Standards Institute
3	Japan	JIS	Japanese Industrial Standards
4	UK	BS	British Standards
5	India	BIS	Bureau of Indian Standards

In Nepal, it is usual practice to follow ISO standards. However, in some stances ANSI, BS, BIS are also followed.

Drawing Instruments and Accessories / Drafting Tools and Equipments

1. Drawing Board

• Drawing board is made of soft woods.
• Almost perfect planning of the working surface of the drawing board is to be ensured
• A strip of hard ebony edge is fitted in a groove on the shorter edge of the board and perfectly lined to provide the guide for the T-square.
• The main parts of drawing board are working surface, battens, strips and ebony working edge.

Designation	Length × Width (mm)	Thickness (mm)	Recommended for use with sheet sizes
D0	1500 × 1000	25	A0
D1	1000 × 700	25	A1
D2	700 × 500	15	A2
D3	500 × 350	15	A3

Table 1: Standard Drawing Board Sizes

2. Drawing Sheet

• Drawing sheet is the medium on which drawings are prepared by means of pencils or pen
• Drawing sheets are available in standard sizes
• A standard A0 size sheet is the one with an area of 1 m² and having dimensions of 1189 x 841
• Each higher number sheet (A1, A2, A3, etc. in order) is half the size of the immediately lower numbered sheet
• The sides of each size drawing sheet being in the ratio of 1: √2

Designation	Size (mm)
A0	841 x 1189
A1	594 x 841
A2	420 x 594
A3	297 x 420
A4	210 x 297

Table 2: Standard Sizes of Drawing Sheets

3. Mini Drafter

• This is a device used to draw horizontal, vertical and inclined lines very effectively.
• This is mounted on the top left corner of the drawing board by means of a clamping mechanism.
• An L-shaped scale which is graduated in millimeters acts as the working edge of the mini-drafter.
• The L-Shaped scale also has a degree scale for angle measurement
• The working edge can be moved to any desired location on the drawing board

4. T-Square

• It is made of hard wood, plastic or celluloid.
• It has two parts Stock and Blade.
• The stock is used to move the T-square along the working edge of drawing board.
• Blade may be used as a base for set square as well as to draw horizontal lines.
• Stock of T-square makes an angle 90 degree with working edge (blade).
• Stock and the blade which are joined together at a right angle to each other by means of screws.

S.N.	Designation	Length of working edge (mm)
1	T0	1500 ± 10
2	T1	1000 ± 10
3	T2	700 ± 5
4	T3	500 ± 5

Table 3: T-Square Standard Sizes

5. Set Squares

• Set squares are a set of 45° set square and 30°-60° set-square.
• They are used in conjunction with each other and with T-square to draw vertical and inclined lines.
• The 45° set square generally has a protractor whereas the 30°-60° set-square includes French curves.
• All the angles multiple of 15 degrees can be drawn from set squares and their combination.

6. Compasses

• These are used to draw arcs or circles
• Each compass consists of a needle point and a pencil point. Needle point is generally larger than pencil point.
• Lengthening bars are used to draw circles of radius greater than 150 mm
• Bow compass are used to draw circles of radius 25 mm to 150 mm
• Drop compass (small bow compass) are used to draw circles having radius less than 25 mm

7. Divider

• Dividers are used to transfer lengths to the drawings either from scales or from the drawing itself
• May also be used to divide line into equal parts
• Two sizes: one large divider and the other small spring bow divider

8. Pencils/Lead Sticks/Pencil Sharpener/Eraser/Wiper

• The primary tool used in technical drawings is the pencil or lead sticks.
• Generally, for technical drawings, the three grades of pencil used is HB, H and 2H.
• H stands for hardness and B stands for Blackness.
• Pencil sharpener is used to mend the pencils.
• Eraser is used to erase the unnecessary part of the pencil drawing.

Types of Pencil Tips

• a) Fine Point Tip – Standard shape when pencil is sharpened by pencil sharpener. Allows drawing fine lines when accuracy is important.
• b) Chisel Tip – Found on carpenter's pencil. Has sharp edge and flat surface. Allows both fine and thick lines.
• c) Flat Tip – Often used by artists. Ideal for shading large areas.
• d) Rounded (Dull) Point – When the pencil has been worn down. Helpful for shading large areas.

9. French Curves/Flexible Curves

• French curve is free form template made of acrylic and is used to draw a smooth curve passing through a number of points
• A flexible curve consists of a flexible, generally made of metallic wire coated with thick rubber material

10. Protractor

• It is used to locate and measuring angles

11. Scotch Tape or Drawing Pin

• Transparent tape is used to stick the drawing sheet on the drawing board. Drawing pins can also be used but are usually not preferred.

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Drawing Sheet and Its Essential Components

• Every engineering drawing has to follow standard format
• The drawing sheet consist of drawing space, title block and sufficient margins
• The layout should facilitate quick reading of important particulars

a) Borders

• Space left all around in between the trimmed edges of the sheet.
• A minimum of 10 mm, ISO Standard
• Margin/Border of paper can be increased according to requirements

b) Filing Margin

• 20 mm minimum on left hand side with border included
• This is provided for taking perforations

c) Grid Reference System

• Used in all sizes of drawing sheets for easy location of drawing within the frame
• The length of the grids lies between 25 mm to 75mm depending on the drawing sheet size and thickness is 5 mm
• The grids along vertical edges are named by capital letters whereas grids along the horizontal edges are by numerals
• Numbering and lettering start from the corner of the sheet opposite to the title box

d) Title Box

• An important feature which is a must in every drawing sheet
• The title box is drawn at the bottom right hand corner of every drawing sheet
• ISO recommended size: 180 mm x 27 mm and 180 mm x 36 mm
• Generally used size (BIS Standard): 180 mm x 65 mm
• Title block generally contains: Name of the company, Title of the Drawing, Drawing Number, Sheet Number, Scale, Projection method, Initials with date

The title box is divided in to two zones:

• a) Part Identification Zone – identification number, Title of the drawing, legal owner
• b) Additional Information Zone – symbols indicating system of projection, scale used, surface texture, tolerances

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Lettering

• Lettering is used for writing of titles, sub-titles, dimensions, scales and other details on a drawing
• Style of writing: vertical and inclined (usually at 75-degree inclination)
• Lettering types:
  • Lettering A – Height of the capital letter is divided into 14 equal parts
  • Lettering B – Height of the capital letter is divided into 10 equal parts

Heights of Letters and Numerals

S. No.	Particulars	Size (mm)
1	Name of the company	14, 20
2	Drawing numbers, letters denoting section planes	10, 14
3	Title of the drawing	7, 10
4	Sub-titles and heading	5, 7
5	Dimensioning, notes, schedules and material lists	3.5, 5
6	Tolerances, alterations entries	2.5, 3.5

Proportion of Height and Width according to ISO

The ratio of height to width of a letter is known as aspect ratio. Most alphabets have aspect ratio of 7:5 except I, J, L, M and W. All numerals have aspect ratio of 7:4 except 1.

• a) For A, M, O, Q, T, V, X, and Y, Height = Width
• b) For W, Height < Width
• c) For other letters, Height > Width
• d) For all numbers, Height > Width

Procedure of Drawing

1. Clean the drawing board and all the drawing instruments using duster
2. Fix the drawing sheet on the drawing board
3. Fix the mini-drafter in a convenient position
4. Draw border lines using HB pencil
5. Complete the title box using HB pencil
6. Plan spacing of drawings b/n two problems/views beforehand
7. Print the problem number on the left top and then commence the drawing work

Points to be Noted During Drawing

• Never sharpen pencils over drawing
• Clean pencil point with a soft cloth after sharpening
• Keep drawing instruments clean
• Rest hands on drawing instruments as much as possible – to avoid smearing the graphite on the drawing
• When darkening lines – try to work from the top to the bottom, and from left to the right
• Use brush to remove eraser particles, never use hands
• Always use appropriate drawing pencils

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Multiple Choice Questions – Drawing Techniques

Lines

• Lines is one important aspect of technical drawing/drafting
• Various types of lines are used to construct drawing, each line used in some specific sense
• A line may be curved, straight, continuous, segmented
• It may be drawn as thin or thick

Types of Lines Used in Engineering Drawing

Name of Line Type	Use	Feature
Visible Line / Object Line	To indicate all visible outlines/boundaries of an object	Thick and continuous
Hidden line / Dashed line	To represent hidden edge of an object	Thin and broken
Center line	To show center of circle, arcs and line passing through center of hole	Thin and chain
Dimension line	To dimension drawing of an object	Thin and continuous with arrowhead at ends
Extension line	To dimension drawing of an object	Thin and continuous
Cutting plane line	To show imaginary cutting of an object	Thick broken with perpendicular arrowheads
ISO cutting plane line	To show imaginary cutting of an object	Thick chain with perpendicular arrowheads at end sections
Section lines	To show cut portion of an object	Thin continuous, usually inclined at 45 degrees
Long break line	To break an object to shorten the view	Thin continuous with zigzag
Short break line	To break an object to shorten the view	Thick continuous and freehand
Construction line	Used as auxiliary lines to complete geometric construction	Very thin and continuous
Projection line	To project features from one view to another	Very thin and continuous
Phantom line	To show alternate position of an object	Thin

Precedence of Lines

1. Visible (Object) lines
2. Hidden (Dashed) lines
3. Cutting plane lines
4. Center lines
5. Break lines
6. Dimension lines
7. Extension lines/leader lines
8. Section lines/cross hatch lines

Line Strokes

• Line strokes refer to the directions of drawing straight or curved lines
• Vertical and inclined lines are drawn from top to bottom, horizontal lines are drawn from left to right and curved lines are drawn from left to right or top to bottom

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Dimensioning

• The size information of an object is expressed by means of dimensioning in a drawing.
• The dimensions are written either above the dimension lines or inserted at the middle by breaking the dimension lines.

Types of Dimensioning System

i. Unidirectional System – Dimensions oriented to be read from the bottom of the drawing (also known as horizontal system)

ii. Aligned System – Dimensions oriented to be read from the bottom or right side of the drawing, placed perpendicular to the dimension line

Arrangements of Dimensions

1. Chain Dimensioning – Also called continuous or feature to feature dimensioning. Commonly used and easy to insert.
2. Baseline Dimensioning – Also called parallel dimensioning. Used when the location of features must be controlled from a common reference point or plane.
3. Overall Dimensioning – Also called combined dimensioning. When several dimensions make up overall length, the overall dimension shown outside component dimensions.
4. Auxiliary Dimensioning – Also called reference dimensioning. Auxiliary dimensions never have tolerance and shown in brackets.

Rules to be Followed in Dimensioning

• Each feature is dimensioned and positioned only once
• Each feature is dimensioned and positioned where its shape shows
• A gap of 1mm has to be kept between extension line and visible line
• An extension line should be extended about 3mm from the outmost dimension line
• Extension lines may cross each other without break
• Center lines can be used as extension lines
• Dimension lines should be placed at least 10 mm away from the outline
• Other parallel dimensions should be at least 6 mm apart
• Arrows are 3 mm long and should be 1/3rd as wide as they are long

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Scales

• The proportion by which the drawing of an object is enlarged or reduced is called the scale of the drawing.
• A scale is defined as the ratio of the linear dimensions of the object as represented in a drawing to the actual dimensions of the same.

Reducing Scales (1:Y, Y>1)	Enlarging Scales (Y:1, Y>1)	Full Size
1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, 1:500, 1:1000, 1:2000, 1:5000, 1:10000	2:1, 5:1, 10:1, 20:1, 50:1, 100:1, 200:1, 500:1, 1000:1	1:1

Representative Fraction (R.F.) or Scale Factor (S.F.)

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Polygon

Polygon Names

No. of Sides	Name	No. of Sides	Name
3	Triangle	10	Decagon
4	Quadrilateral	11	Hendecagon
5	Pentagon	12	Dodecagon
6	Hexagon	15	Pentadecagon
7	Heptagon	20	Icosagon
8	Octagon	50	Pentacontagon
9	Nonagon / Enneagon	100	Hectogon

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Conics

• Cone is formed when a right-angled triangle with apex angle Θ is rotated about its altitude as the axis.
• When a cone is cut by a plane, the curve formed along the section is known as a conic.

Ellipse

• When a cone is cut by a section plane at an angle α more than half of the apex angle (2Θ) and less than 90°, the curve is an ellipse.
• An ellipse is also defined as a curve traced by a point, moving in a plane such that the sum of its distances from two fixed points is always the same.

Parabola

• If the angle α is equal to Θ (section plane parallel to slant side of cone), the curve is a parabola. This is not a closed figure.

Hyperbola

• If the angle α is less than Θ, the curve is a hyperbola.

Eccentricity

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Roulettes

Roulettes are curves generated by the rolling contact of one curve or line on another curve or line, without slipping.

Types of Roulettes

• Cycloid – Generated by a point on the circumference of a circle rolling along a straight line without slipping
• Epicycloid – Generating circle rolls along another circle outside it
• Hypocycloid – Generating circle rolls along another circle inside it
• Trochoid – Generated by a point outside or inside the circle rolling along a straight line
  • Superior Trochoid – point is outside the circle
  • Inferior Trochoid – point is inside the circle
• Involute – Curve traced by the free end of a thread unwound from a circle or polygon in such a way that the thread is always tight and tangential
• Spiral – Generated by a point which revolves around a fixed point and at the same time moves towards it
• Helix – Generated by a point which moves around the surface of a right circular cylinder/cone and at the same time advances in axial direction at a constant ratio

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Multiple Choice Questions – Drafting Techniques

Projection

• In engineering, 3-dimensional objects and structures are represented graphically on a 2-dimensional media
• The act of obtaining image of an object is known as "Projection"
• The image obtained by projection is known as "View"

All projection theory are based on two variables:

1. Line of sight/projector – The lines or rays drawn from the observer to object and to the plane
2. Plane of Projection – An imaginary flat plane upon which the image created by the line of sight is projected

Projection Techniques

• Parallel Projection – All lines of sight are parallel; observer at infinite distance from object
• Perspective Projection – Observer at finite distance; all lines of sight start at a single point; mimics human eye view

Types of Projection

1. Orthographic/Multi-view Projection

• 'ORTHO' means right angle – projectors are perpendicular to the plane
• Six possible views: Top, Front, Left, Right, Rear, Bottom

2. Axonometric Projection

• Special type of orthographic projection – a type of pictorial projection
• Object appears rotated to show all three dimensions in single view

Three types:

• i. Isometric Projection – All three angles are equal (120°). Isometric Scale = Cos45°/Cos30° = 0.8165 (≈82% of true length). An isometric drawing uses full scale while isometric projection uses isometric scale.
• ii. Dimetric Projection – Two of three axes appear equally shortened
• iii. Trimetric Projection – All three axes appear unequally foreshortened (seldom used)

3. Oblique Projection

• Projectors are parallel but not perpendicular to the picture plane (angle usually 45°)
• Cavalier Projection – Dimensions along all axes plotted in full scale
• Cabinet Projection – Dimensions along diagonal axis reduced to half, others full scale

4. Perspective Projection

• Projectors converge to a point (observer at finite distance)
• Cone of Vision is 60 degrees (30° left and right of line of sight)
• Three types:
  • One Point (Parallel) – Principal face parallel to picture plane; one vanishing point. Used for interior details.
  • Two Point (Angular) – Two principal faces inclined; two vanishing points (VPL and VPR). Most commonly used.
  • Three Point (Oblique) – All three faces inclined; three vanishing points. Used for tall buildings (seldom used).

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Projection Methods

1. First Angle Projection

• Object placed in first quadrant
• Object lies between observer and plane of projection
• Plane of projection is assumed to be non-transparent
• Front view drawn above XY line; top view below XY line
• Left side view drawn in right profile plane

2. Third Angle Projection

• Object placed in third quadrant
• Plane of projection lies between object and observer
• Plane of projection is assumed to be transparent
• Front view drawn below XY line; top view above XY line
• Left side view drawn in left profile plane

Differences between First Angle and Third Angle Projection

First Angle Projection	Third Angle Projection
Object in first quadrant	Object in third quadrant
Object between observer and plane	Plane between observer and object
Plane is non-transparent	Plane is transparent
Front view above XY, top view below	Front view below XY, top view above
Left side view in right profile plane	Left side view in left profile plane

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Multiple Choice Questions – Theory of Projection

Working Drawing

Working drawings (also called production drawings) are complete sets of drawing that detail the manufacturing and assembly of products and structures. They are graphic information prepared by design team for use by construction or production team.

Four Sets of Working Drawing

1. Detail of each non-standard part on a drawing sheet (usually one part per sheet)
2. Sub-assembly drawing of parts
3. Assembly drawing showing all parts and their arrangements in one sheet
4. Bill of materials (BOM) of each part

Elements of Working Drawing

1. Size and shape of the component
2. Format of the drawing sheet
3. Process sheet
4. Projection method
5. Limits, fits and tolerances of size, form and position
6. Material specification and shape
7. Conventions used
8. Inspection and testing methods
9. Specification of standard components

Applications of Working Drawing

1. Physical Construction/Production – Major application
2. Permission – Required in permitting process for residential construction
3. Estimation and Costing – Bidders and sub-contractors use for calculating materials, labor costs
4. Permanent Record – Constitutes permanent record of construction and design
5. Legal Record – Becomes parts of legal record for the building

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Construction Detailing in Plan and Section

• Detail and section views provide very specific information about construction or design features
• Common practice: one typical wall section and details unique to the design
• Detailing helps estimate cost precisely, prepare bill of quantities accurately, and do construction supervision with less error

Site Plans

• A site plan is a large scale drawing showing the full extent of the site for an existing or proposed development
• Typically at scale of 1:500 or 1:200
• Shows building footprint, travel-ways, parking, drainage, sewer lines, water lines, lighting, landscaping

Preliminary Drawings

• Initial project plans prepared by designers, architects, and engineers
• Not intended for construction but for exploring design concepts, material selection, preliminary cost estimates

Topographic Map/Drawing

• Drawings that indicate the main physical and geographical features of a particular area
• Distinctive characteristic: shape of Earth's surface shown by contour lines

Suitability of Scales

Type	Scale
Topographic Maps	1:50000, 1:100000, 1:250000
Town Surveys	1:5000, 1:10000, 1:25000, 1:50000
Sketch Drawing	1:100, 1:200, 1:500
Large Scale Survey	1:500, 1:1000, 1:2000
Working Drawings, Plans, Elevation and Sections	1:50, 1:100, 1:200

Working Drawing for Sanitary Installation and Electrification

• Working drawings for sanitary installation and electrification are essential for both private and public buildings
• Nepal National Building Code, NBC 208:2003 – Sanitary and Plumbing Design Requirements
• Nepal National Building Code, NBC 207:2003 – Electrical Design Requirements (for Public Buildings)

Structural Working Drawings

• Used to progress the concept of architect by giving shape and position of all parts of structure
• Enables smooth construction on site
• Used for preparation of reinforcement drawings
• Typically contain: north point, setting out dimensions, plans/sections/elevations, locations of holes and fixings, notes on specifications, detail of reinforcing bars

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Techniques of Free Hand Drawing

• Basic ideas and concepts are outlined by means of freehand sketching
• Used for daily communication in engineering – "Universal Language for Engineers"
• Free hand drawings are drawn without the help of measuring instruments (pencil and eraser only)
• All technical sketches are freehand drawings, but not all freehand drawings are technical sketches
• Technical sketches usually made on A4 or A3 opaque paper
• 2H pencil used for light lines; 2B or B grade for contours, visible edges, shading

Free Hand Drawing Instruments

• Soft lead pencil
• Eraser
• Sharpener
• Drawing sheet
• Graph sheet

Principles of Free Hand Drawing/Sketching

1. The object should be seen thoroughly and pondered over its objectives and concepts
2. More detailed aspect shall be considered for selection of a view
3. Space is specified on a drawing sheet according to the sizes of views
4. Firstly, the dim lines are drawn so that extra lines may be erased easily
5. Scale and ruler are not used, although ratio and proportion are considered
6. Horizontal lines first, then vertical, then arcs and circles lastly
7. After completing the diagram, a clear scale is written

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Building Drawing

Building drawing plays important role in building construction. The building drawing shall be approved from the local authority before construction and should be in accordance with the Bye-Laws of the Local Body.

Types of Building Drawing

1. Site Plan – Top view/bird eye view showing specific location (plot) for building construction. Scale: 10 m = 1 cm (100 ft = 1 in.)
2. Line Plan – Position and size of internal rooms given with single lines. Wall thickness not shown.
3. Detailed Plan – Size, arrangement and position of rooms with wall thickness. Floor cut at 1-2 meter height horizontally.
4. Foundation Plan – Shows detail of the foundations of a building
5. Landscape Plan – Space left after construction, decorated with flower beds, grassy plots. Scale: 1 cm = 1 m to 2 m
6. Elevation – Vertical view of the building (front elevation, side elevation)
7. Sectional Elevation – Internal detail shown by cutting with cutting plane line
8. Perspective Drawing – True picture of an object for non-technical persons
9. Submission Drawing – Prepared for approval of the competent authority under Bye-laws
10. Model – Prepared for important buildings to help understanding

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Multiple Choice Questions – Working Drawing & Building Drawing