What is Logical Reasoning?

Logical Reasoning is the ability to analyze information objectively and make reasoned judgments. It involves evaluating arguments, identifying patterns, drawing conclusions, and solving problems systematically.

What are the main types of Logical Reasoning?

The main types include: Verbal Reasoning, Non-Verbal Reasoning, Analytical Reasoning, Deductive Reasoning, Inductive Reasoning, and Abductive Reasoning. Common topics are Analogies, Classification, Coding-Decoding, Series, Blood Relations, Directions, and Venn Diagrams.

How to solve Coding-Decoding questions?

Identify the pattern used to encode words or numbers. Look for letter shifts (A→C, B→D), position-based coding, reverse alphabet mapping, or mathematical operations. Practice recognizing common patterns quickly.

What is the best approach for Direction Sense problems?

Draw a diagram with North at the top. Mark starting point and trace each movement step by step. Use Pythagoras theorem for calculating shortest distance. Remember: Left turn = Anti-clockwise, Right turn = Clockwise.

Logical Reasoning MCQ

Verbal • Alphanumeric • Analogies • Classification • Coding-Decoding • Order & Ranking • Distance & Directions • Analytical & Logical Reasoning • Assertion & Reason • Statement & Conclusion • Input-Output • Venn Diagram

Verbal Reasoning

Choose the word that is most similar in meaning to the given word:
AUTHENTIC
a) Fake
b) Genuine
c) Imitation
d) False

b) Genuine
Explanation: Authentic means genuine, real, or true. The opposite would be fake or false.

Choose the word that is most opposite in meaning to the given word:
EXPAND
a) Increase
b) Contract
c) Extend
d) Grow

b) Contract
Explanation: Expand means to increase in size or volume. The opposite is contract, which means to decrease or shrink.

Rearrange the following parts to form a meaningful sentence:
P: to achieve success
Q: hard work is essential
R: in any field
a) QPR
b) PQR
c) RPQ
d) QRP

d) QRP
Explanation: The correct order is "Hard work is essential in any field to achieve success." (Q-R-P)

Alphanumeric Series

Find the next term in the series:
A2, C4, E6, G8, ?
a) H10
b) I10
c) I9
d) J10

b) I10
Explanation: Letters follow +2 pattern (A→C→E→G→I). Numbers follow +2 pattern (2→4→6→8→10). So the next term is I10.

What will come in place of the question mark?
Z1, X3, V5, T7, ?
a) R9
b) S9
c) R8
d) Q9

a) R9
Explanation: Letters move backward by 2 positions (Z→X→V→T→R). Odd numbers increase by 2 (1→3→5→7→9). Answer: R9.

Complete the series:
B3, D6, F12, H24, ?
a) J36
b) J48
c) K48
d) I48

b) J48
Explanation: Letters follow +2 pattern (B→D→F→H→J). Numbers double each time (3→6→12→24→48). Answer: J48.

Analogies

Doctor : Hospital :: Teacher : ?
a) Student
b) School
c) Book
d) Class

b) School
Explanation: A doctor works in a hospital. Similarly, a teacher works in a school. This is a worker-to-workplace relationship.

Pen : Write :: Knife : ?
a) Sharp
b) Cut
c) Metal
d) Cook

b) Cut
Explanation: The function of a pen is to write. Similarly, the function of a knife is to cut. This is a tool-to-function relationship.

India : New Delhi :: Pakistan : ?
a) Lahore
b) Karachi
c) Islamabad
d) Rawalpindi

c) Islamabad
Explanation: New Delhi is the capital of India. Similarly, Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan. This is a country-to-capital relationship.

Venn Diagram showing two intersecting circles labeled A and B with intersection marked — Figure: Example of Venn Diagram showing set relationships

Water : Ocean :: Sand : ?
a) River
b) Desert
c) Mountain
d) Forest

b) Desert
Explanation: An ocean contains a large quantity of water. Similarly, a desert contains a large quantity of sand. This is a substance-to-location relationship.

Classification

Find the odd one out:
a) Apple
b) Mango
c) Carrot
d) Banana

c) Carrot
Explanation: Apple, Mango, and Banana are fruits. Carrot is a vegetable (root vegetable). Hence, Carrot is the odd one out.

Find the odd one out:
a) Square
b) Circle
c) Triangle
d) Rectangle

b) Circle
Explanation: Square, Triangle, and Rectangle are made of straight lines. Circle is made of a curved line. Hence, Circle is different.

Find the odd one out:
a) 25
b) 36
c) 49
d) 50

d) 50
Explanation: 25 (5²), 36 (6²), and 49 (7²) are perfect squares. 50 is not a perfect square. Hence, 50 is the odd one out.

Coding-Decoding

If 'CAT' is coded as 'FDW', how is 'DOG' coded?
a) GRJ
b) FPJ
c) EQH
d) FRK

a) GRJ
Explanation: Each letter is shifted +3 positions: C→F, A→D, T→W. Applying same logic: D→G, O→R, G→J. Answer: GRJ.

In a certain code, 'MOTHER' is written as 'NPUIFS'. How is 'FATHER' written?
a) GBUIFS
b) GZSHDQ
c) GBSIDS
d) GBUIFR

a) GBUIFS
Explanation: Each letter is shifted +1 position: M→N, O→P, T→U, H→I, E→F, R→S. Applying same: F→G, A→B, T→U, H→I, E→F, R→S. Answer: GBUIFS.

If 'BOOK' is coded as '45511', how is 'PEN' coded?
a) 16514
b) 17513
c) 16513
d) 15514

a) 16514
Explanation: Each letter is replaced by its position in alphabet: B=2, O=15, O=15, K=11 → 2151511 (simplified as shown). P=16, E=5, N=14. Answer: 16514.

If 'RED' is coded as '246', 'BLUE' as '2468', then 'GREEN' is coded as?
a) 79555
b) 795514
c) 7185514
d) 79514

b) 795514
Explanation: Each letter is replaced by its alphabetical position: G=7, R=18, E=5, E=5, N=14. Combining: 7-18-5-5-14. Simplified pattern shows: 795514.

Order & Ranking

In a row of 40 students, Ram is 13th from the left. What is his position from the right?
a) 27th
b) 28th
c) 26th
d) 29th

b) 28th
Explanation: Position from right = Total - Position from left + 1 = 40 - 13 + 1 = 28. Ram is 28th from the right.

In a class, Sita ranks 7th from the top and 26th from the bottom. How many students are there in the class?
a) 31
b) 32
c) 33
d) 34

b) 32
Explanation: Total students = Rank from top + Rank from bottom - 1 = 7 + 26 - 1 = 32 students.

Five friends are sitting in a row. A is to the left of B but to the right of C. D is to the right of B but to the left of E. Who is in the middle?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D

b) B
Explanation: Arrangement: C-A-B-D-E. B is in the middle (3rd position) of the 5 friends.

Distance & Directions

Rahul walks 10 km North, then turns right and walks 5 km, then turns right again and walks 10 km. How far is he from the starting point?
a) 5 km
b) 10 km
c) 15 km
d) 20 km

a) 5 km
Explanation: Path forms a rectangle. After walking 10km North, 5km East, 10km South, he ends up 5km East of starting point. Distance = 5 km.

A man faces North. He turns 90° clockwise, then 180° anticlockwise, then 90° clockwise. Which direction is he facing now?
a) North
b) South
c) East
d) West

b) South
Explanation: North → (90° CW) → East → (180° ACW) → West → (90° CW) → South. Final direction: South.

Starting from point A, Riya walks 8m East, then turns left and walks 6m. What is the shortest distance between her final position and point A?
a) 8m
b) 10m
c) 12m
d) 14m

b) 10m
Explanation: Forms a right triangle with sides 8m and 6m. Using Pythagoras theorem: √(8² + 6²) = √(64 + 36) = √100 = 10m.

Direction sense diagram showing compass directions with a path example — Figure: Direction Sense Reference (North, South, East, West)

If South-East becomes North, North-East becomes West, and so on, what will West become?
a) North-East
b) South-West
c) South-East
d) North-West

c) South-East
Explanation: Each direction rotates 135° counter-clockwise. SE→N, NE→W, N→SW, NW→S, W→SE. So West becomes South-East.

Analytical & Logical Reasoning

Read the statements and conclusions:
Statements: All cats are dogs. Some dogs are rats.
Conclusions:
I. Some cats are rats.
II. Some rats are dogs.
a) Only I follows
b) Only II follows
c) Both I and II follow
d) Neither I nor II follows

b) Only II follows
Explanation: From "Some dogs are rats," we can conclude "Some rats are dogs" (conversion). However, no direct relation exists between cats and rats.

Three friends A, B, and C are sitting in a row. B is not at either end. A is not adjacent to C. Who is in the middle?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) Cannot be determined

b) B
Explanation: Since B is not at either end, B must be in the middle. A and C are at the ends (not adjacent to each other through B).

In a certain language, '256' means 'you are good', '637' means 'we are bad', '358' means 'good and bad'. Which digit represents 'are'?
a) 2
b) 5
c) 6
d) 3

c) 6
Explanation: Comparing '256' (you are good) and '637' (we are bad), common digit is 6, common word is 'are'. So 6 = 'are'.

Assertion & Reason

Assertion (A): Steam causes more severe burns than boiling water.
Reason (R): Steam has more latent heat than boiling water.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
c) A is true but R is false
d) A is false but R is true

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
Explanation: Steam at 100°C contains additional latent heat of vaporization (2260 kJ/kg) compared to boiling water at 100°C, causing more severe burns.

Assertion (A): India is a democratic country.
Reason (R): India has its own Constitution.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
c) A is true but R is false
d) A is false but R is true

b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
Explanation: While both statements are true, having a Constitution doesn't automatically make a country democratic. India is democratic because people elect their representatives.

Assertion (A): Salt is added to food while cooking at high altitudes.
Reason (R): At high altitudes, atmospheric pressure is low.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
c) A is false but R is true
d) Both A and R are false

c) A is false but R is true
Explanation: R is true (atmospheric pressure is low at high altitudes). However, A is false because salt is NOT specifically added due to altitude; it actually raises boiling point slightly.

Statement & Conclusion

Statement: All engineers are good at mathematics. Some engineers work in IT.
Conclusions:
I. Some people good at mathematics work in IT.
II. All people good at mathematics are engineers.
a) Only I follows
b) Only II follows
c) Both I and II follow
d) Neither I nor II follows

a) Only I follows
Explanation: Since some engineers work in IT and all engineers are good at math, those engineer-IT workers are good at math. Conclusion II is invalid (reverse logic error).

Statement: Company X has announced a 20% salary hike for all employees.
Conclusions:
I. Company X made good profits this year.
II. Employees of Company X will be happier.
a) Only I follows
b) Only II follows
c) Both I and II follow
d) Neither I nor II follows

d) Neither I nor II follows
Explanation: The statement doesn't mention why the hike was given (could be retention strategy, not necessarily profit). Employee happiness is an assumption, not a definite conclusion.

Statement: The government has decided to ban plastic bags from next month.
Conclusions:
I. Plastic bags cause environmental pollution.
II. People will start using cloth bags.
a) Only I follows
b) Only II follows
c) Both I and II follow
d) Neither I nor II follows

a) Only I follows
Explanation: The ban implies plastic bags are harmful (pollution). However, conclusion II is uncertain—people might use paper bags, jute bags, or other alternatives, not necessarily cloth bags.

Input-Output

Input: 42 18 37 25 56
Step I: 56 18 37 25 42
Step II: 56 42 37 25 18
Step III: 56 42 37 25 18 (Final)
What is the logic?
a) Ascending order
b) Descending order
c) Alternating arrangement
d) Reverse order

b) Descending order
Explanation: Numbers are arranged in descending order (56 > 42 > 37 > 25 > 18). Largest number moves to front in each step.

Input: cat dog elephant fox
Step I: fox dog elephant cat
Step II: fox elephant dog cat
What comes in Step III?
a) fox elephant dog cat
b) fox elephant cat dog
c) cat dog elephant fox
d) fox cat elephant dog

a) fox elephant dog cat
Explanation: Words are arranged alphabetically in reverse (fox > elephant > dog > cat). Step II is already final. Step III remains same.

Input: 15 32 48 21 67
Step I: 67 32 48 21 15
Step II: 67 48 32 21 15
How many steps to complete?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4

b) 2
Explanation: Step I brings largest (67) to front. Step II arranges remaining in descending order. Final output achieved in 2 steps.

Venn Diagram

Which region represents Male Teachers who are Authors?
a) Region where only Teachers and Men overlap
b) Region where all three circles overlap
c) Region where only Teachers circle exists
d) Region where only Men circle exists

b) Region where all three circles overlap
Explanation: Male Teachers who are Authors must belong to all three categories: Teachers (circle 1), Men (circle 3), and Authors (circle 2). This is the intersection of all three circles.

In a Venn diagram:
Triangle = Doctors
Circle = Women
Rectangle = Indians
Which region represents Indian Women Doctors?
a) Inside Triangle only
b) Inside Circle only
c) Intersection of all three shapes
d) Outside all shapes

c) Intersection of all three shapes
Explanation: Indian Women Doctors must satisfy all three conditions: being a Doctor (Triangle), Woman (Circle), and Indian (Rectangle). This is the common intersection area.

If in a Venn diagram, 50 people like Tea, 40 like Coffee, and 20 like both, how many people like only Tea?
a) 20
b) 30
c) 40
d) 50

b) 30
Explanation: Total Tea lovers = 50. Those who like both Tea and Coffee = 20. Only Tea = Total Tea - Both = 50 - 20 = 30 people.

Venn Diagram showing students playing Cricket and Football within a universal set — Figure: Students playing Cricket and Football

In a class of 100 students, 60 play Cricket, 50 play Football, and 20 play both. How many play neither sport?
a) 10
b) 20
c) 30
d) 40

a) 10
Explanation: Using formula: n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A∩B) = 60 + 50 - 20 = 90. Students playing at least one sport = 90. Neither = Total - 90 = 100 - 90 = 10.

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